An Efficient TDC Using a Dual-Mode Resource-Saving Method Evaluated in a 28-nm FPGA

FPGA-based time-to-digital converters (TDCs) are required to be accurate, linear, and fast, while at the same time employing a reduced number of resources. Pushing these requirements to the limit is challenging, although it is constantly required by many applications. This article presents a dual-mode tapped-delay-line (TDL)—propagating 1’s and 0’s in alternating measurement cycles—architecture for a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based TDC that complies with the mentioned specifications. The dead-time of the proposed TDC is reduced to one system clock cycle by using a toggling input stage and a dual-mode counter-based encoder. To improve the TDC linearity, the TDL sampling sequence is tuned separately for each operating mode. The presented architecture employs a low-resources dualmode combinatory encoder of one- and zero-counters to remove the bubbles and cover both operating modes. A dual-mode binwidth calibration has been carried out to improve the TDC performance in each mode. The proposed architecture has been implemented on a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA.